A) Clinicians who focus more on documenting their compliance with guidelines than on following the spirit of those guidelines.
B) Ethics review boards that focus primarily on reducing law suits.
C) Significant reduction in the worst sorts of abuses of human subjects.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
G) A) and B)
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A) 1920s.
B) 1930s.
C) 1940s.
D) 1960s.
E) 1990s.
G) B) and D)
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D
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A) Supporters argue that it will stem the rise in new cases of cancer.
B) It has increasingly shifted into universities and away from the for-profit sector.
C) Opponents equate harvesting stem cells to killing humans.
D) It has already produced effective treatments for several diseases.
E) none of the above
G) A) and E)
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A) conflicts of interest.
B) insufficient federal oversight.
C) managed care regulations.
D) their reliance on career bureaucrats.
E) heavy-handed federal oversight committees.
G) All of the above
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A) is a set of principles adopted by Nazi doctors.
B) is a set of principles regarding the ethics of human experimentation.
C) was used by the Nazis to hide news of their actions from other Germans.
D) was the first effort to break the DNA code.
E) was developed during the 1920s.
G) A) and C)
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A) making decisions without asking the family first.
B) ignoring the family's stated wishes.
C) shaping the family's wishes through the information they provide.
D) all of the above
E) a and b only
G) A) and B)
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A) Institutional Review Boards
B) diagnosis-related groups
C) medical malpractice laws
D) medical mortality review boards
E) reproductive technologies
G) B) and E)
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The ethical implications of "cosmetic pharmacology" are a matter of debate. On one hand, some argue that individuals have the right to make choices about their own appearance and that the availability of cosmetic pharmacology allows for greater personal autonomy and self-expression. On the other hand, there are concerns about the societal pressure to conform to certain beauty standards and the potential for cosmetic pharmacology to perpetuate unrealistic ideals of beauty.
The fact that cosmetic pharmacology is only available to some individuals does raise ethical concerns. It could be argued that this creates a form of inequality, where only those with the financial means are able to access these enhancements. This raises questions about fairness and the potential for cosmetic pharmacology to exacerbate existing social inequalities.
In the long term, there is a possibility that cosmetic pharmacology could contribute to increased social inequality. As advancements in cosmetic pharmacology continue to progress, there is a risk that only the wealthy will have access to these enhancements, further widening the gap between the haves and have-nots. This could have implications for individuals' self-esteem and societal perceptions of beauty and success.
Ultimately, the ethical considerations surrounding cosmetic pharmacology are complex and multifaceted. It is important to consider the potential consequences of its availability and use, and to have discussions about how to ensure that it is accessible and used in a way that promotes fairness and equality.
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A) the establishment of research ethics boards by itself cannot prevent unethical research practices.
B) animal-to-human organ transplants are feasible.
C) parents may not have their babies' best interests in mind when they make medical decisions.
D) doctors discriminate against disabled infants.
E) euthanasia of seriously disabled infants should be considered seriously.
G) B) and D)
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A) the use of drugs to give individuals advantages over others.
B) the continued use of drugs that have been proven ineffective.
C) the use of non-prescription drugs by patients.
D) the use of drugs by individuals disfigured by burns.
E) the use of drugs by the "genetic underclass."
G) A) and B)
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A) have changed how they make decisions about patient care but not how they document those decisions.
B) are now less likely than in the past to tell patients that they have cancer.
C) have become more committed to incorporating ethical principles into their work.
D) still can assert their discretion over patient care, even when they cannot enforce their decisions.
E) routinely fight hard against hospital bureaucrats in order to practice ethically.
G) None of the above
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A) which treatments worked best for syphilis.
B) which men were most likely to become infected with syphilis.
C) whether blacks were more likely than whites to become infected with syphilis.
D) whether some treatments for syphilis worked better with whites than with blacks.
E) the long-term effects of untreated syphilis in African-American men.
G) C) and E)
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A) The AMA first adopted a code of ethics in 1970.
B) The public responded with horror to news of Dr. Sims' experiments on slave women.
C) The Nazi philosophy was grounded in part in eugenics.
D) The eugenics movement never gained a foothold in the United States.
E) From the start, most German doctors opposed the Nazis.
G) D) and E)
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A) needed to pay more attention to psychological research.
B) adequately screened out proposed articles that relied on unethical methods.
C) sometimes published articles that relied on unethical research methods.
D) routinely ignored reviewers who raised questions about research ethics.
E) needed to pay more attention to sociological research.
G) D) and E)
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A) now exist at about 10 percent of US hospitals.
B) offered legal protection to doctors who performed abortions before it was legalized.
C) now focus primarily on the ethics of medical research.
D) have essentially replaced the use of individual ethics consultants.
E) now focus primarily on abortion decisions.
G) A) and D)
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A) typically decided who would receive kidney dialysis based solely on medical criteria.
B) typically decided who would receive kidney dialysis based in part on social criteria.
C) typically decided who would receive kidney dialysis based solely on age.
D) were abolished by most hospitals.
E) were declared legal, but nonetheless fell into disuse.
G) A) and B)
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A) purposely infected black men with syphilis.
B) enlisted the support of local doctors to ensure that their subjects would not receive treatment for syphilis.
C) received no government funding for their work.
D) were forced to stop the study after five years.
E) followed the guidelines laid out in established codes of research ethics.
G) B) and E)
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B
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A) fully voluntary consent from the parents of their subjects.
B) fully informed consent from the parents of their subjects.
C) consent from the parents of their subjects, but that consent was neither informed nor voluntary.
D) no consent of any sort from the parents of their subjects.
E) consent from their subjects directly.
G) A) and B)
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