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The opportunity cost of holding money refers to


A) the pleasure that would have been received if the money balances had been used to buy a good or service.
B) the service fees charged to withdraw currency from an ATM.
C) the price level.
D) the interest that could have been earned if the money balances had been changed into an interest-bearing asset.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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  -The figure above illustrates the effect of A)  a decrease in the monetary base. B)  an increase in the monetary base. C)  an increase in real GDP. D)  a decrease in real GDP. -The figure above illustrates the effect of


A) a decrease in the monetary base.
B) an increase in the monetary base.
C) an increase in real GDP.
D) a decrease in real GDP.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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  -In the figure above, an increase in the monetary base would create a change such as a A)  shift from the supply of money curve MS<sub>0</sub><sub> </sub>to the supply of money curve MS<sub>1</sub>. B)  shift from the supply of money curve MS<sub>1</sub><sub> </sub>to the supply of money curve MS<sub>0</sub>. C)  movement from point a to point b along the supply of money curve MS<sub>0</sub>. D)  movement from point b to point a along the supply of money curve MS<sub>0</sub>. -In the figure above, an increase in the monetary base would create a change such as a


A) shift from the supply of money curve MS0 to the supply of money curve MS1.
B) shift from the supply of money curve MS1 to the supply of money curve MS0.
C) movement from point a to point b along the supply of money curve MS0.
D) movement from point b to point a along the supply of money curve MS0.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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A bank has no excess reserves. Then it receives a new deposit for $100,000. If it has a desired reserve ratio of 20 percent, by how much can it increase its loans?


A) $80,000
B) $20,000
C) $400,000
D) $500,000

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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ʺWhen the Fed buys securities from a bank, the quantity of money eventually decreases by a fraction of the initial change in the monetary base.ʺ Is the previous statement correct or incorrect? Explain your answer.

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The statement is wrong on two counts. Fi...

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  -In the figure above, a decrease in the monetary base would create a change such as a A)  shift from the supply of money curve MS<sub>1 </sub>to the supply of money curve MS<sub>0</sub>. B)  movement from point a to point b along the supply of money curve MS<sub>0</sub>. C)  shift from the supply of money curve MS<sub>0 </sub>to the supply of money curve MS<sub>1</sub>. D)  movement from point b to point a along the supply of money curve MS<sub>0</sub>. -In the figure above, a decrease in the monetary base would create a change such as a


A) shift from the supply of money curve MS1 to the supply of money curve MS0.
B) movement from point a to point b along the supply of money curve MS0.
C) shift from the supply of money curve MS0 to the supply of money curve MS1.
D) movement from point b to point a along the supply of money curve MS0.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The money multiplier determines how much


A) real GDP will be expanded given an increase in autonomous investment.
B) money demand will expand given a change in the quantity of money.
C) the quantity of money will be expanded given a change in the monetary base.
D) the monetary base will be expanded given a change in the quantity of money.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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The velocity of circulation is


A) average quantity of money that exists during a year.
B) equal to the price level multiplied by real GDP.
C) equal to the quantity of money multiplied by nominal GDP.
D) the average number of times a dollar bill is used in a year to buy the goods and services in GDP.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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The tools at the disposal of the Fed for changing the quantity of money do NOT include


A) increasing the number of commercial banks.
B) changing discount rates.
C) open market operations.
D) changing the required reserve ratio.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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The monetary base consists of


A) the quantity of money.
B) government securities held by the Fed.
C) the sum of Federal Reserve notes, coins, and depository institutionsʹ deposits at the Fed.
D) demand deposits and vault cash.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following is a service of depository institutions?


A) monitoring the Federal Reserve
B) pooling risk
C) loaning funds to other depository institutions at the discount rate
D) decreasing the liquidity drain of funds in the banking system

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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ʺEven though we can convert them into money, deposits at banks are not money.ʺ Is the previous statement correct or not?

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The statement is incorrect. So...

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 Component  Amount  (billions of  dollars)   Currency 235 Checking deposits 570 Savings deposits 416 Traveler’s checks 8 Time deposits 1,144 Money market  mutual  funds 930 Available credit on  credit  cards 675\begin{array} { | l | l | } \hline \text { Component } & \begin{array} { l } \text { Amount } \\\text { (billions of } \\\text { dollars) }\end{array} \\\hline \text { Currency } & 235 \\\hline \text { Checking deposits } & 570 \\\hline \text { Savings deposits } & 416 \\\hline \text { Traveler's checks } & 8 \\\hline \text { Time deposits } & 1,144 \\\hline \begin{array} { l } \text { Money market } \\\text { mutual } \\\text { funds }\end{array} & 930 \\\hline \begin{array} { l } \text { Available credit on } \\\text { credit } \\\text { cards }\end{array} & 675 \\\hline\end{array} -According to the table above, the value of M1 is__________ and the value of M2 is__________ .


A) $813 billion; $3303 billion
B) $805 billion; $2490 billion
C) $813 billion; $2490 billion
D) $1,488 billion; $3978 billion

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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M2 is


A) equal to M1, but only when all three functions of money apply.
B) larger than M1.
C) equal to M1, given full employment.
D) smaller than M1.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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If an economy has a velocity of circulation of 3, then


A) in a year the average dollar is exchanged 3 times to purchase goods and services in GDP.
B) nominal GDP is 1/3 the size of the quantity of money.
C) the quantity of money is $3 for every dollar of GDP.
D) the quantity of money is 3 times real GDP.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Federal Reserve policy tools include all of the following EXCEPT


A) open market operations.
B) required reserve ratios.
C) desired reserve ratios.
D) the discount rate.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The Fed buys securities and gives the bank a check for the amount. After the check has cleared,


A) reserves have increased by the amount of the check because the Fed pays for the check by increasing the amount of the bankʹs deposits with the Fed.
B) reserves have decreased by the amount of the check because the Fed pays for the check by decreasing the bankʹs deposits at the Fed.
C) reserves remain unchanged because the increase of reserves at the bank are offset by an increase in reserves at the Fed.
D) reserves have increased by the amount of the reserves multiplied by the required reserve ratio, and the quantity of money increases by the difference between the amount of the check and the increase in the reserves.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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When the velocity of circulation equals 4 in 2010, this fact means that


A) for each additional dollar of money injected into the economy, the price level rose 4 percent in 2010.
B) real output of goods and services in GDP rose by four dollars for each additional dollar of money consumers saved.
C) on average, each dollar of money in the economy purchased four dollars of goods and services in GDP in 2010.
D) consumers held four dollars in wealth for each dollar they spent in 2010.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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If the money multiplier is 3.5, a $10 billion increase in the monetary base


A) increases the quantity of money by $3.5 billion.
B) increases the quantity of money by $10 billion.
C) increases the quantity of money by $35 billion.
D) increases the quantity of money but not by an amount given above.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The majority of money is created when


A) banks make loans
B) new coins are minted
C) the Fed sells bonds
D) the federal government borrows from the public

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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